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Overcoming The Bell Curve

Submitted by seth on February 9, 2006 - 1:18pm.

Something that has always bothered me about the attitude of some of the self-help industry is that it encourages everyone to pretend indefinitely. It’s the attitude that all mankind can achieve all things. If you aren’t achieving all things then you must not be saying it in front of the mirror enough. The more that I look at the injustice and inequality of life, the more I find this attitude towards the less fortunate naive. I am reading a couple of books that seem to help clarify some of the disadvantages which prevent people from becoming successful.

The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray explores the role of human intelligence in stratifying society. The
conclusion is that intelligence stratifies more than any other single characteristic, more than race, gender, social class, education, or marital status. The interesting thing about this book is that it explores an alternative explanation of why we are where we are. For the last 55 years the civilized world has tried to explain differences in society from an environmental perspective, denying any genetic factors, which grant someone advantages over anyone else. This explanation seems quite fair (as anti-egalitarian as I am), however, The Bell Curve aggressively challenges this conclusion.

They explain that we inherit some level of IQ from our parents and the amount of IQ we have highly correlates with our options for growth. The fact that social programs can’t easily level the playing field with inherited intelligence has been no small controversy among the liberal intellectuals. The most inflammatory part of the book isn’t that intelligence is partially genetic and that intelligence stratifies more than all other social stratifying factors but that The Bell Curve suggest that the top 5% of holders of high IQ come disproportionate according to race.

They report that their research finds that out of a sample of 100,000 Jewish descendants you will find the most geniuses (a person within the top 5 % of IQ) per 100,000 people. Asian descendants come in second, Caucasians third, and African descendants come in last. The problem with this controversy is that they argue that between 20 to 60 percent of ones IQ comes inherited. Which only leaves 40 to 80 percent to be developed by socialization.

Unfortunately, the political incorrectness of the findings have stunted the public discussion of the startling conclusions of the book, which are not necessarily why some races are smarter, but rather, why IQ is inherited and why IQ stratifies a society more than any other single factor. (To see both sides of the controversy click this link). Recognizing the value of high IQ in income earning potential isn’t as obvious as you might think. 100 years ago high IQ wasn’t nearly as stratifying. There were geniuses that were blacksmiths and genius farmers. Blue-collar workers and low IQ’s had no obvious correlations.

Since the study of intelligence began, however, the industrial revolution happened and governments became more systematic with training soldiers. They conducted basic IQ tests to quickly verify which soldiers could be trained on more complex courses. They began to weed out the smarter people and promote them. The same is true for factory owners. This trend has continued until today. Currently the IQ competition has intensified because of globalization.

The World Is Flat by Thomas Friedman is a very insightful explanation of how the world is evolving, primarily that more and more knowledge workers are coming out of India and China. If those of Asian ancestry are on average more intelligent than Caucasians then America has something to worry about because not only are the Asian cultures globalizing and educating themselves in knowledge professions, they are more likely to be smarter too.

Does this mean sudden doom for the less intellectually endowed? I don’t think so. Personally, I don’t see the greatest money making opportunities coming from being an engineer or a programmer, but rather from relationship skills and from calculated risk taking. The thing that we need to get smart about (even though we may be genetically limited to how smart we can get) is to recognize the value of risk taking.

It is almost cliché to say that America is the World leader in innovation. If we as a whole are going to continue as a financial powerhouse, however, we need to not only encourage more specialized training, which is becoming more of a global commodity, but we need to encourage creativity and calculated risk taking. This trend isn't necessarily a nationalistic call to improve. Rather, its a wake up call to individuals around the world that are competing for high wage jobs.

Taking this direction seems to be a dead end route now that the world is flattening. The more access we have to Indian and Chinese professionals, the less capable 1st world knowledge workers are at being the greatest option for any particular service. That is why risk taking is so important. We have to look for niches and changes in the market place and accommodate them in new ways. That can't be instructed in any program because risk taking isn't intellectual. Its emotional. Unless, you want to start outsourcing your engineer's education to a psychology department you can't get close to educating someone on how to act against their fears and uncertainty.

Secondly, the ability to relate with other people gives insight into consumer habits, which correlate with profitability more than professional training or technical education will ever do. The more I hear the discussion about China and India the more I realize that I don’t want to compete against super-genius technicians. I would rather “level the playing field� by more equally distributed talents. That is to say that I much prefer relying on intuition, personability, virtues, and guts. I think that these are the stratifying qualities that will be the most wealth defining characteristic of the next generation. Seems to me that there is an increased level of fairness when we are left to those skills to succeed rather than just intelligence. After all aren't we all equal when it comes to our ability to choose to take risk? Maybe people skills has a level of genetic predisposition. Though, I would hate to find out for fear of being crucified by the propagandist that call all such inquiries racist.

If you want to play on a level playing field, smart or not, you need to recognize the comparative advantage that comes from highly efficient, high IQ, professionally trained laborers that are coming out of the developing economies—specifically China and India. The more that we compete against IQ, the more we are playing to our weaknesses. Of course no one can argue that 19 of the 20 top universities in the world come from the United States. However, Asian students dominate many of the science and technical departments.

Therefore, the comparative advantage for the less competitive IQ holders and less tech minded is going to grow out of cultures that encourage entrepreneurial ventures. Entrepreneurs don’t need to be geniuses. They can import geniuses from the most comparatively advantageous countries. What entrepreneurs need are guts, people skills, and instincts. If you want to beat “The Bell Curve� and if you are ready to accept that “The World Is Flat,� then rather than trying to figure out how you can outdo China with your brains and your technical training, you might do well to work on skills that are less quantifiable which is exactly why they are the strengths that will govern success in the future.



Submitted by Craig Strzelecki - Trader (not verified) on February 12, 2006 - 4:03pm.

They report that their research finds that out of a sample of 100,000 Jewish descendants you will find the most geniuses (a person within the top 5 % of IQ) per 100,000 people. Asian descendants come in second.

Do you have an exact source of this statistic?

This is controversial... Living in Sydney, every year, the high school graduates that receive the highest marks in the statewide examinations are almost always Asians.

Submitted by seth on February 12, 2006 - 5:00pm.

See The Bell Curve by Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray. Chapter 13 "Ethnic Differences in Cognitive Ability" is probably your best source. They explicitly refer to Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans. However, one can interpret that Indians also belong in this number. This is a source that you should really research first hand. If you start quoting these types of statistics without at least having picked up the book you might find yourself in a very uncomfortable debate. In order to defend these types of statistics, I highly encourage checking out the book. Thanks for you comment. By the way, what should I be trading? I am always up for some good advice.

Submitted by brian on February 12, 2006 - 6:09pm.

I wonder how they separate genetic intelligence from enhancement by social conditions. It is very apparent that Indian, Arab, and Asian culture is such that academic effort is highly enforced. There is a unique discipline in most Asian friends that I had in graduate school, which brought about over their lifetime a fine tuned intelligence. I am somewhat skeptical of the ability to concretely attribute part of ones genius to inheritance. It is common to have two parents that are extremely intelligent and their offspring follow suit. However, this could be a matter of “dinner table� schooling, meaning the kids grow up with role models that carry on abstract, complex, and ingenious observations and conversations. These kids have the avenues to develop in a very different way than others. I guess I need to pick up this book to find out on what they base their hypothesis. I have read that learning disabilities are believed to be passed down through generations.
My reason for maintaining a high level of skepticism also comes from my concern that this theory will foster complacency and justification for mediocrity.

Submitted by seth on February 12, 2006 - 7:13pm.

One way they deal with this concern is through studying identical twins which were seperated from birth. The correlation between intelligence between identical twins was 80% genetic. Higher than the 20% to 60% range that I quoted. If identical twins that are seperated at birth and have very different enviromental circumstances correlate in IQ this much then it is hard to explain intelligence without considering their genetic propensities. Furthermore, they have researched step siblings that grew up from birth in the same enviroment. The siblings enviroment, as identical as it was, still bears out substantial differences in intelligence that could only be explained by genetic factors. Your concern is quite understandable. I think it foolish to overlook your concern. I feel the same way. Though my doubts of the validity of the book have mostly been put to rest. To get the debate click the link in the article. It will really give you some other good questions that you should ask about the book's merit. It has been heavily attacked. Notwithstanding, 100 of the experts in Psychoeuginics around the world have signed an endorsement stating the validity of the published research. Like the authors these experts face great risk by endorsing the research. Makes you wonder why they would endorse it even though it puts their prestige at risk.

Even though the concern is valid, we have to remember that truth in the hands of someone irresponsible, puts alot of people at risk. If this content is true, in the wrong irresponsible hands, this like alot of other facts can be misused and harmful to the well being of society. One of the things that has to be asked is what was the authors' intention? Were they malicious? I guess you have to read the book to draw those conclusions.

Submitted by shawn on February 14, 2006 - 12:02pm.

When considering this topic I think that we must take several things in to account first of which is the fact that we are that first off we have the ability to develop 40-80 percent of are IQ. This to me represents a substantial proportion of are IQ. But in addition to that number that I would argue that some of that portion (the 20-60% that is inherited ) is in fact contributed to social circumstances, the Study habits that are developed as a child, the dinner time conversations , the environment that the come from( i.e. was there enough to eat, and what was there to eat studies have show that what I child eats not only if there is enough to eat effects there Intelligence). So I would theorize that the developable part of the IQ is some where in the 60-90% range.
But the real questions is how importation it IQ, I for one believe that IQ is a very pore way of measuring Intelligence. I do like the point that Seth brought out about using are strengths to over come the rising level of technical intelligence that is now coming out of Asia. I for one believe that the intelligence that will be needed to succeed in this rapidly changing world is street smarts. By this I mean the ability to adapt to the ever change market place and have the guts and wisdom to grab an opportunity when it comes around. I Just caution people not to take IQ to seriously, for the some reason that grades to not always reflect some ones understanding of a subject, I believe that bolt are feeble yard sticks of ones ability to succeed in life.

Submitted by seth on February 15, 2006 - 11:23am.

You make a good point about diet and IQ. The Bell Curve does consider nutrition's role in IQ. Though, there have been findings that contradict each other on whether diet is only circumstantial evidence. Two of the most critical studies are Stein et al 1972 and Benton and Roberts 1988. To quote another article about this here is the following explanation of those two studies: There has been only one major study of the effects of prenatal malnutrition (i.e. malnutrition of the mother during pregnancy) on long-term intellectual development. Stein et al (1975) analyzed the test scores of Dutch 19-year-old males in relation to a wartime famine that had occurred in the winter of 1944-45, just before their birth. In this very large sample (made possible by a universal military induction requirement), exposure to the famine had no effect on adult intelligence. Note, however, that the famine itself lasted only a few months; the subjects were exposed to it prenatally but not after birth.

In contrast, prolonged malnutrition during childhood does have long-term intellectual effects. These have not been easy to establish, in part because many other unfavorable socioeconomic conditions are often associated with chronic malnutrition (Ricciuti, 1993; but cf. Sigman, 1995). In one intervention study, however, pre-schoolers in two Guatemalan villages (where undernourishment is common) were given ad lib access to a protein dietary supplement for several years. A decade later, many of these children (namely, those from the poorest socio-economic levels) scored significantly higher on school related achievement tests than comparable controls (Pollitt et al, 1993). It is worth noting that the effects of poor nutrition on intelligence may well be indirect. Malnourished children are typically less responsive to adults, less motivated to learn, and less active in exploration than their more adequately nourished counterparts.

Although the degree of malnutrition prevalent in these villages rarely occurs in the United States, there may still be nutritional influences on intelligence. In studies of so-called "micro-nutrients," experimental groups of children have been given vitamin/mineral supplements while controls got placebos. in many of these studies (e.g., Schoenthaler et al, 1991), the experimental children showed test-score gains that significantly exceeded the controls. In a somewhat different design, Rush, Stein, Susser, & Brody (1980) gave dietary supplements of liquid protein to pregnant women who were thought to be at risk for delivering low birth-weight babies. At one year of age, the babies born to these mothers showed faster habituation to visual patterns than did control infants. (Other research has shown that infant habituation rates are positively correlated with later psychometric test scores: Colombo, 1993.) Although these results are encouraging, there has been no long-term follow-up of such gains. (End Quote)

What role nutrition has on intelligence, however, is strictly considered as enviromental. The inherited portion of intelligence is not affected by the nutrition debate.

I appreciate your argument about the real significance of IQ in success. IQ shows one's ability to manipulate information. It doesn't show adaptability. You should check out a book about everyone's potential genius. It is called "Dumbing Us Down" by John Taylor Gatto. He believes that testing intelligence has very little merit.

Great comment.

Submitted by shawn on February 15, 2006 - 7:07pm.

I will have to pick up that book and look it over. In talking about diet I was not only thinking of malnutrition but I was thinking of a study done On at risk youth (I forget the date and location I will have to look it up, but it was some where in the Midwest and was done fairly recently) where students where feed organic food and the improvements in there performance was remarkable different, and when the change was reversed the changes also went away. Any way I think that this is some thing that we can look at as we try to find success in are own life’s. The type of things we eat and what heath we keep are self’s in can effect are ability to perform mental at the top of our game. But Take it for what it is worth coming from a Guy who sells pizza for a living.

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